The Eastern and Western Ghats are two major mountain ranges in India, flanking the Deccan Plateau. These mountain ranges are rich in biodiversity and play a crucial role in India’s ecological and cultural landscape. Their distinct characteristics and importance make them significant geographical features that influence the climate, flora, fauna, and human activities in their regions. The Eastern and Western Ghats have been the subject of numerous studies due to their environmental importance. These mountain ranges not only contribute to the regional climate but also support various forms of life, including several endangered species. Understanding these ranges is essential for conservation efforts and sustainable development.
| GS Paper | GS Paper I |
| Topics for UPSC Prelims | Location and extent of Western and Eastern Ghats, Biodiversity and key species, Comparison of physical features |
| Topics for UPSC Mains | Ecological significance and conservation challenges, Human impact on the Ghats (e.g., deforestation, agriculture), Role of Ghats in monsoon patterns and climate regulation, Difference between western ghats and eastern ghats |
The Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri Hills, is a mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of India. Spanning six states—Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu—the Western Ghats are a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their rich biodiversity and ecological significance. This mountain range is one of the eight “hottest hotspots” of biological diversity in the world, hosting a large variety of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic.
The Western Ghats influence the monsoon weather patterns in India, acting as a barrier that intercepts the rain-laden monsoon winds, leading to heavy rainfall on the western side, while creating a rain shadow effect on the eastern side. This phenomenon plays a crucial role in the climate and agriculture of the region.
The Western Ghats stretch over 1,600 kilometers and are known for their varied elevations, ranging from sea level to over 2,500 meters. This variation in altitude contributes to the diverse ecosystems found within the region, from tropical rainforests to montane grasslands. The Western Ghats play a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance and regulating the climate in the Indian subcontinent.
As one of the eight biodiversity hotspots in the world, the Western Ghats are home to numerous species of plants, animals, and birds, many of which are endemic to the region. The range hosts over 7,400 species of flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species, and 179 amphibian species. The conservation of this biodiversity is critical to maintaining the ecological integrity of the region.
The Western Ghats significantly influence the monsoon patterns in India. Acting as a barrier to the southwest monsoon winds, they cause heavy rainfall on the western side, while creating a rain shadow effect on the eastern side. This phenomenon is crucial for agriculture, water resources, and the overall climate of the surrounding regions.
The Western Ghats are not only a natural wonder but also hold great cultural and historical significance. The region is dotted with ancient temples, forts, and pilgrimage sites that reflect the rich cultural heritage of India. These sites attract thousands of pilgrims and tourists every year, making the Western Ghats a significant destination for cultural tourism.
The Eastern Ghats is a discontinuous range of mountains running parallel to the eastern coast of India. Unlike the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats are fragmented and less elevated, stretching from the northern Odisha state to Tamil Nadu in the south. These mountains pass through states like Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
The Eastern Ghats, with elevations ranging from 600 to 1,500 meters, are not as continuous or as high as the Western Ghats, but they are equally important ecologically. The region is known for its rich biodiversity, although it is less studied and less protected than its western counterpart. The Eastern Ghats influence the climate and hydrology of the region, with several rivers like the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri cutting through these hills before flowing into the Bay of Bengal.
The Eastern Ghats have been historically significant, serving as a cultural and spiritual center for various communities. The region is dotted with ancient temples, forts, and historical sites, many of which date back to the early medieval period. The hills are also home to several indigenous tribes who have lived in harmony with nature for centuries, maintaining unique cultures and traditions.
The Eastern Ghats face numerous environmental challenges, including deforestation, mining, and agriculture expansion. These activities have led to habitat fragmentation, threatening the region’s biodiversity. Conservation efforts in the Eastern Ghats are relatively recent and less extensive than in the Western Ghats, but initiatives are being undertaken to protect the region’s unique ecosystems. Efforts include the creation of protected areas, afforestation projects, and community-based conservation programs.
The Eastern Ghats are crucial for the hydrology of the region, with several important rivers originating or flowing through these mountains. The rivers of the Eastern Ghats are vital for agriculture, drinking water, and hydroelectric power in the states they traverse. The Ghats also help in recharging groundwater levels and maintaining the ecological balance of the region.
The Western and Eastern Ghats are vital mountain ranges in India. They shape the country’s climate, ecology, and culture. The Western Ghats are continuous and high. They are rich in biodiversity and influence monsoon patterns. The Eastern Ghats are fragmented and lower. They play a crucial role in the hydrology and culture of the eastern coast. Both ranges face serious environmental threats. Deforestation, habitat loss, and human activities endanger their ecosystems. Conservation efforts are necessary. Protecting these ranges is crucial for preserving India’s natural and cultural heritage. The future depends on our actions today.
| Eastern and Western Ghats UPSC Notes |
| 1. The Western Ghats are continuous, high mountain ranges that significantly influence India’s climate, especially monsoon patterns. 2. The Eastern Ghats are fragmented and lower, playing a crucial role in the hydrology and cultural heritage of eastern India. 3. Both the Western and Eastern Ghats are biodiversity hotspots, with numerous endemic species of flora and fauna. 4. The Western Ghats are more protected and studied compared to the Eastern Ghats, which are less explored and conserved. 5. Deforestation and habitat fragmentation are major threats to both the Western and Eastern Ghats. 6. The Western Ghats act as a barrier to the southwest monsoon, causing heavy rainfall on their western side. 7. The Eastern Ghats have a rich cultural history with ancient temples and forts, significant for the region’s indigenous communities. 8. Conservation efforts are essential for both ranges to preserve their ecological and cultural integrity. |
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