The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is a key international body representing the collective voice of the Muslim world, comprising 57 member states across four continents. Established in 1969, the OIC aims to safeguard the interests of the Muslim community globally while promoting international peace. India’s relationship with the OIC has been complex due to historical and geopolitical factors, particularly concerning the Kashmir issue.
- The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the second largest organization after the United Nations with a membership of 57 states spread over four continents.
- The organisation adheres to a charter that lays out its objectives, principles and operating mechanism.
What is the Organization of Islamic Cooperation?
The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the second-largest international organization after the United Nations, comprising 57 member states across four continents. It acts as the collective voice of the Muslim world, aiming to safeguard and protect the interests of Muslims globally. Its mission is to promote international peace and harmony by fostering solidarity among its members.
Background
The OIC was established in response to the criminal arson of the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem in 1969. The inaugural Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers in 1970 led to the creation of a permanent secretariat in Jeddah. This historical context underscores the OIC’s foundational goal of protecting Islamic holy sites and defending the rights of Muslims.
Major Objectives
The primary objectives of the OIC include fostering solidarity among member states, supporting the restoration of sovereignty and territorial integrity, protecting Islam from defamation, and ensuring unity in international fora. These goals are pursued to strengthen the collective stance of the Muslim world on global platforms like the United Nations.
Charter
The OIC’s charter, first adopted in 1972 and revised multiple times, lays out the organization’s objectives, principles, and operating mechanisms. The current charter, adopted in 2008, aligns with Islamic teachings and the principles of the UN Charter. It guides the OIC’s mission to uphold Islamic values while committing to global peace and cooperation.
Membership
The OIC consists of 57 member states, including Afghanistan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, among others. Observer members include countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina and organizations such as the United Nations and the African Union. This diverse membership reflects the widespread influence and reach of the OIC.
What is the Institutional Mechanism of OIC
OIC decisions are made through a process requiring a two-thirds quorum of member states and a consensus. If consensus is not achieved, decisions are taken by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting. This mechanism ensures that major decisions reflect the collective will of the majority.
Finance
The OIC is financed by contributions from member states, proportional to their national incomes. Members with arrears exceeding two years lose their voting rights unless exempted by the Council of Foreign Ministers. This financial structure ensures equitable contribution and accountability among member states.
Islamic Summit
The Islamic Summit, composed of Kings and heads of state, is the supreme authority of the OIC. It convenes every three years to deliberate on significant issues and provide policy guidance. This summit plays a crucial role in setting the strategic direction of the organization.
Council of Foreign Ministers
The Council of Foreign Ministers meets annually to implement OIC policies, make decisions, and address specific issues of concern. This body is pivotal in operationalizing the decisions made by the Islamic Summit and ensuring the execution of OIC’s strategic objectives.
Standing Committees
OIC’s standing committees focus on various areas, including information, cultural affairs, economic and commercial matters, and scientific initiatives. These committees ensure specialized attention to critical sectors, facilitating comprehensive development and cooperation among member states.
General Secretariat
The General Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General, is responsible for implementing the decisions of the Islamic Summit and the Council of Foreign Ministers. It serves as the administrative backbone of the OIC, coordinating efforts and facilitating communication among member states.
What are the Focus Areas of Cooperation of OIC?
Palestine and Al-Quds Al Sharif
The OIC is dedicated to resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, supporting Palestinian rights, and establishing an independent State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital. This focus underscores the OIC’s commitment to addressing one of the most critical issues in the Muslim world.
Counter-Terrorism, Extremism and Islamophobia
The OIC works to combat terrorism, extremism, and Islamophobia by establishing counter-terrorism partnerships and revisiting the 1999 Convention on Combating Terrorism. It also highlights UN Resolution 16/18, which addresses religiophobia and promotes tolerance and understanding.
Moderation, Inter-Cultural and Inter-faith Dialogue and Harmony
The OIC promotes tolerance and intercultural dialogue through training programs for Muslim leaders and supporting projects under the UN Alliance of Civilizations. These initiatives aim to foster social harmony and peaceful coexistence among diverse communities.
Peace and Security
The OIC supports conflict resolution and peace efforts among its member states, including the Jammu and Kashmir dispute. It supports the protection of minority rights and urges respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, emphasizing Islamic solidarity in peacebuilding efforts.
Environment, Climate Change and Sustainability
The OIC addresses environmental issues by convening the Islamic Conference of Ministers for Environment and overseeing climate change programs. It promotes collaboration on water management and other sustainability initiatives among member states.
Poverty Alleviation
The OIC aims to implement social protection systems to achieve substantial coverage of the poor and vulnerable by 2025. This goal is part of its broader effort to improve living standards and reduce poverty in member states.
Trade, Investment and Finance
The OIC promotes free trade zones, facilitates intra-OIC investments, and supports public and private sector FDI flows. These initiatives aim to enhance economic collaboration and development within the Muslim world.
Agriculture and Food Security
The OIC focuses on increasing agricultural productivity and achieving sustainable food and nutrition security. This strategy is crucial for ensuring food availability and improving the livelihoods of farmers in member states.
Labor, Employment and Social Protection
The OIC implements the Executive Programme for Labour, Employment, and Social Protection, including the Youth Employment Scheme. These efforts aim to enhance employment opportunities and social protection for the workforce in member states.
Flagship Projects of OIC
Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation (COMCEC)
COMCEC promotes trade, investment, and economic development among member states, focusing on poverty reduction and sustainable development. This committee plays a key role in enhancing economic cooperation within the OIC.
Islamic Solidarity Fund for Development (ISFD)
The ISFD provides financial and technical assistance for projects in health, education, and infrastructure to address development challenges and reduce poverty in member states. It is a critical tool for improving living standards.
Islamic Development Bank (IDB) Projects
The IDB finances development projects in infrastructure, energy, agriculture, education, and healthcare, supporting economic development in member states. Its projects are vital for fostering growth and development within the OIC.
Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) Capacity Building Program
This program promotes scientific research, fosters innovation, and supports capacity building in member states. It aims to enhance the scientific and technological capabilities of the Muslim world.
Islamic Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) Initiatives
ISESCO undertakes projects in education reform, scientific research, and cultural preservation. It promotes the exchange of educational resources and the preservation of Islamic heritage among member states.
OIC Youth Strategy
The OIC Youth Strategy focuses on education, employment, entrepreneurship, and social inclusion to empower young people. This strategy aims to harness the potential of the youth for socio-economic development.
OIC Humanitarian Action Plan
The OIC coordinates efforts to respond to disasters, conflicts, and emergencies, providing relief to affected communities. This plan is crucial for addressing humanitarian crises and supporting vulnerable populations.
OIC Cultural Capital Program
This program designates a city annually as the “OIC Cultural Capital,” promoting cultural exchange and preserving Islamic heritage. It fosters mutual understanding and appreciation of Islamic cultures through various cultural events and initiatives.
What is the Status of India’s relationship with OIC?
India, home to the world’s second-largest Muslim community, was invited to the OIC’s founding conference in 1969 but was excluded at Pakistan’s behest. Over the years, India has faced challenges in engaging with the OIC due to its focus on religious foundations and issues like Kashmir.
Bilateral Relations
India’s bilateral relations with OIC member states often face pressure within the organization, especially on contentious issues like Kashmir. Despite this, India has maintained strong ties with powerful members such as the UAE and Saudi Arabia, navigating the complexities of OIC dynamics.
Recent Engagements
In 2019, India made its maiden appearance at the OIC Foreign Ministers’ meeting as a “guest of honour,” marking a significant diplomatic achievement. This engagement reflected India’s growing influence and its strategic importance to several OIC member states.
Ongoing Issues
The OIC has criticized India on various issues, including the Citizenship (Amendment) Act and the hijab ban in Karnataka. These criticisms highlight the ongoing challenges in India-OIC relations, particularly concerning the rights and well-being of Muslims in India.
What is the Significance of Recent 47th Session of OIC Meeting?
The 47th session of the OIC Council of Foreign Ministers in Niamey (Niger) referenced India’s policies on Jammu and Kashmir, criticizing the repeal of its special status. This reflects the OIC’s continued focus on the Kashmir issue and its implications for India-OIC relations.
India’s Stand
India strongly rebutted the OIC’s references to Jammu and Kashmir, calling them “factually incorrect and unwarranted.” India accuses the OIC of double standards and asserts that many OIC member countries maintain good bilateral relations with India despite the organization’s statements.
Conclusion
The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has the potential to significantly influence global peace and prosperity. By effectively addressing internal and external challenges, promoting democratic values, and upholding the rule of law, the OIC can transform its member states and the broader international community. For UPSC aspirants, understanding the dynamics and prospects of the OIC is crucial for comprehending India’s role and interests in international affairs.
