The recent increase in Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for 14 Kharif crops has left many farmers disappointed. Despite the government’s efforts, the price hikes do not adequately cover the rising costs of farm inputs. MSP in India was established in 1965 to protect farmers from price declines and enhance food security. The Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP) calculates three types of production costs: A2 (paid-out costs), A2+FL (paid-out costs plus family labor), and C2 (comprehensive cost including land rent and capital interest). Currently, MSP is set at 1.5 times the A2+FL cost, but this is often insufficient.
Legalising MSP in India can provide income security for farmers, boost the rural economy, and encourage investment in agriculture. However, there are challenges, including budgetary concerns and the complexity of implementation. The combined value of all MSP-covered crops may exceed ₹11-lakh crore, making it difficult to allocate such a large portion of the budget.
The agricultural sector faces numerous challenges, and there is a pressing need for a legal guarantee for MSP. The government should address this demand promptly to ensure fair compensation for farmers and transform the country’s focus from food security to nutrition security.
Origin of the Article
This editorial is based on “Legal guarantee for MSP is a must,” which was published in The Hindu Business Line on 01/07/2024. The article critically examines recent MSP hikes for Kharif crops, emphasizing farmers’ discontent over inadequate compensation amid rising input costs.
Relevancy for UPSC Students
For UPSC students, understanding the topic of MSP is crucial as it relates to GS Paper 2 (Government Policies & Interventions) and GS Paper 3 (Agricultural Marketing and Food Security). Knowledge of MSP can aid in answering questions on farming challenges, government schemes, and economic policies in the Mains exam.
Why in News
The recent increase in Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for 14 Kharif crops has garnered significant attention due to widespread farmer dissatisfaction. This issue is critical for UPSC aspirants as it ties into previous questions on agricultural policies, government interventions, and economic security for farmers. The ongoing debates around legalizing MSP and its implications on farmers’ income and national food security are highly relevant for both Prelims and Mains examinations.
Minimum Support Price (MSP)
The Minimum Support Price (MSP) was established to guarantee farmers a minimum price for their crops, shielding them from the volatility of market prices. This mechanism aims to enhance national food security and ensure that farmers receive a fair income for their produce.
About
The MSP regime was initiated in 1965 through the establishment of the Agricultural Prices Commission (APC). This market intervention mechanism was designed to protect farmers from sharp declines in market prices and to bolster national food security.
MSP Calculation
The Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP) calculates the production costs of crops using three methods: A2, A2+FL, and C2. The government sets the MSP based on these calculations, ensuring it is at least 1.5 times the all-India weighted average cost of production.
MSP≥1.5×Cost(avg)
How Can Legalising MSP Help Indian Agriculture?
Legalizing MSP could bring numerous benefits to the agricultural sector in India, primarily by providing income security and economic stability to farmers. This legal guarantee would act as a safeguard against market price fluctuations.
Income Security for Farmers
Legal MSP would provide a safety net for farmers, ensuring they receive a minimum price for their crops. This stability could significantly reduce financial distress and lower the debt burden on farmers, thus securing their livelihoods.
Boost to Rural Economy
Enhanced price realization from both government procurement and private transactions would increase the purchasing power of rural communities, thereby stimulating economic activity and development in these areas.
Extending FRP Model and Direct Compensation
The Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) model, currently used for sugarcane, could be extended to other crops. Additionally, farmers should receive direct compensation if they are forced to sell their produce below the MSP.
Legal Mandate for Private Crop Purchases
Private players should be legally required to purchase crops at or above the MSP. Rigorous monitoring systems and penalties for violations would ensure compliance and protect farmers’ interests.
Encouragement for Investment
Assured returns through MSP could incentivize farmers to invest in better farming techniques, equipment, and inputs, thereby enhancing productivity and agricultural growth.
Corporate-Centric Approach
Balancing the interests of profit-making corporations and farmers is crucial. Addressing issues related to margins and ensuring fair compensation for farmers is essential for sustainable agricultural development.
Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP)
The concept of Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) is particularly relevant to sugarcane procurement in India. This legally mandated price ensures that farmers receive fair compensation for their produce.
Definition and Legal Framework
FRP is the government-declared price for sugarcane, governed by the Sugarcane Control Order of 1966. This mandate ensures timely payment to farmers within 14 days of cane delivery.
Role of CACP and CCEA
The CACP recommends the FRP, which is then announced by the CCEA based on the Rangarajan Committee report. This process ensures that the price is fair and reflective of market conditions.
Challenges Related to Farming and Legalising the MSP in India
Legalizing MSP in India presents several challenges, including budgetary constraints and implementation complexities. Addressing these issues is crucial for the successful adoption of MSP.
Budgetary Concerns
Implementing MSP across all crops could exceed ₹11 lakh crore, posing significant financial challenges given India’s total budgeted expenditure. This makes it difficult for the government to allocate such a large portion of the budget for crop purchases.
Complexity in Implementation
India’s diverse agricultural landscape and the wide variety of crops implement MSP as a logistical and administrative challenge, requiring significant resources and coordination.
Market Demand Mismatch in Agriculture
Farmers often face price volatility due to mismatched planting decisions and market demand. This disconnect can lead to oversupply and subsequent price drops, negatively impacting farmer incomes.
Impact on Market Dynamics
Improper implementation of MSP could distort market dynamics and inhibit agricultural efficiency. There are concerns that it might disincentivize private investment and innovation in the sector.
Limitations of APMC Law
The APMC Act restricts farmers’ selling options, making them vulnerable to middlemen. This lack of access to efficient technologies and information systems places them at a disadvantage compared to farmers in other countries.
Welfare Schemes Related to Farmers in India
Several welfare schemes have been introduced to support farmers in India, aiming to enhance agricultural development and secure farmer livelihoods.
PM Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)
This direct income support scheme provides financial assistance to farmers, helping to stabilize their incomes and support their agricultural activities.
PM Kisan MaanDhaan Yojana (PM-KMY)
This pension scheme is designed for small and marginal farmers, ensuring financial security for them in their old age.
PM Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
A crop insurance scheme that protects farmers against losses due to crop failure, ensuring they can recover and continue farming activities.
Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS)
Provides concessional short-term agri-loans to farmers, reducing their financial burden and facilitating access to necessary funds for farming.
Sub-Mission on Agriculture Extension (SMAE)
Promotes agricultural extension services, helping farmers adopt modern farming techniques and improve productivity.
Market Intervention Scheme and Price Support Scheme (MIS-PSS)
Stabilizes prices of perishable and horticultural commodities, ensuring farmers receive fair compensation and reducing market volatility.
Way Forward
Addressing the challenges in legalizing MSP and improving the agricultural sector requires strategic recommendations and comprehensive policy frameworks.
Recommendations of the Swaminathan Commission
Implementing MSP based on the C2+50% formula, as recommended by the Swaminathan Commission, could ensure fair returns for farmers and enhance their economic stability.
Recommendations of Ashok Dalwai Committee
Adhering to the Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act, 2016, for fair tenancy reforms is essential for protecting tenants and ensuring equitable agreements.
Comprehensive Policy Framework
Developing a holistic national agriculture policy that encompasses procurement and sustainability is crucial for the long-term growth of the agricultural sector.
Need to Amend APMC Act
Aligning state APMC Acts with the Model Act would improve market access and efficiency, benefiting farmers and enhancing their market opportunities.
Balancing Market Forces and Government Support
Integrating market forces with MSP support could foster comprehensive agricultural growth, ensuring both market-driven and government-supported segments thrive.
Assured Price to Farmers (APF)
Implementing an APF system that includes MSP and a profit margin would ensure fair farmer income and sustainable agricultural practices.
Categorization and Implementation of MSP Crops
Categorizing crops for effective MSP implementation and shared funding between central and state governments would enhance the feasibility and efficiency of the MSP system.
Establishment of Commodity-based Farmers’ Organisations
Forming organizations to guide planting decisions and provide market projections would help farmers make informed choices and avoid price crashes.
Comprehensive Cost Inclusion in MSP
Revising MSP to include all production costs would ensure fair pricing and adequate compensation for farmers, covering all their expenses.
Use of Evolving Technologies
Adopting electronic platforms for transparent pricing and market access could significantly improve farmers’ incomes and market participation, as seen in Karnataka’s model.
By implementing these strategic recommendations and addressing the challenges, India can ensure a more secure and prosperous future for its agricultural sector and its farmers.
PESTEL Analysis
| Political: Legalising MSP involves substantial government intervention in agriculture, requiring robust policies and consistent support. It may also necessitate changes to existing laws like the APMC Act to reduce dependency on middlemen. Economic: Implementing MSP legally could strain the national budget with an estimated cost of over ₹11-lakh crore. However, it could also stabilize farmers’ incomes and enhance the rural economy by boosting purchasing power. Social: Farmers are crucial stakeholders, and legal MSP can significantly impact their livelihood and social security. It promises a safety net against fluctuating market prices and ensures a minimum income, potentially reducing rural distress. Technological: Technology can facilitate fair and transparent MSP implementation. Using electronic platforms for procurement and price transparency could streamline processes and reduce exploitation by middlemen. Environmental: MSP might encourage farmers to continue with traditional cropping patterns that may not be environmentally sustainable. Legal mandates could potentially promote monoculture, impacting soil health and biodiversity. Legal: Legalising MSP requires extensive legislative support and could lead to judicial scrutiny regarding its implementation and impact on market dynamics. The policy must be legally sound to withstand challenges and ensure fair implementation across diverse agricultural regions. |
Conclusion
In conclusion, the agricultural sector remains a critical pillar of India’s economy, yet it faces numerous challenges that call for innovative and sustainable solutions. Legalising MSP in India is not just a matter of policy but a necessity for safeguarding farmers’ livelihoods and ensuring national food security. As future civil servants, it is imperative to deeply understand and advocate for measures that balance market dynamics with the essential support farmers need.
| UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) Mains Q. What are the major challenges of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India? How can it be made effective and transparent? (GS-III, 2022) Q. Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India. (GS-III, 2015) |
