Fundamental Rights Article 12 to 35: UPSC Notes

Fundamental rights are the strong bases of democracy in India. They provide citizens with rich opportunities for development through liberty, equality, and justice. The country’s Constitution, adopted in 1950, incorporated these rights to protect people from the excesses of the state. These rights give some sort of liberties to the citizens and help maintain the social order of the country. They epitomize human dignity and function as a shield to people. Thus, fundamental rights will protect each citizen to live a life with dignity. It enables citizens with the legal framework for questioning discrimination, exploitation, or any form of injustice. 

• Fundamental Rights protect freedom of speech to raise voice against injustice .
• They support equality by allowing every citizen to be treated equal irrespective of religion, race or sex .
• Citizens can pursue any faith or occupation to ensure spiritual as well as monetary independence.
• It is a connecting bridge between the state and its people that shows social integration .

GS Paper	General Studies II
Topics for UPSC Prelims	Definition and significance of Fundamental Rights,Articles 12-35 in the Indian Constitution, Rights to Equality (Article 14-18), Right to Freedom (Article 19-22), Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24),Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28), Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30), Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32), Writs and their types (Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, etc.)
Topics for UPSC Mains	Judicial review and fundamental rights, Right to equality and affirmative action policies, Freedom of speech and expression: Restrictions, Protection of vulnerable sections (e.g., women, children), Secularism and state interventions in religious practices, Rights of minorities in cultural and educational institutions

What are Fundamental Rights?

Fundamental Rights are those rights through which the Constitution of India gives fundamental liberties and freedom to every Indian citizen. They set the base of a just society. Citizens have recourse to legal assistance if they are violated. Basic Rights are integral to the shaping of one’s moral and intellectual development. Embodiments of justice, liberty, and equality, they are an integral part of India’s democratic infrastructure.

6 Fundamental Rights of India

The 6 Fundamental Rights of India are at the very core of individual and social welfare. They consist of portions of liberty rights and a relationship between state and citizens which is equal. These 6 Fundamental Rights of India have a very significant role in social integration and governance because it ensures that each citizen deserves respect and dignity. The rights are divided into the following areas:

Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)

All have the right to be treated equally before the law, regardless of religion or place of birth or any caste or race, or sex. The law prohibits all kinds of discrimination as well as guarantees equal opportunities in service. This right also includes the abolition of the system of ‘untouchability’ and forbids titles also to ensure social equality.

• Article 14: This ensures that all Indians shall be equal before law and equal protection of laws within India.
• Article 15: Any citizen is prohibited from being discriminated on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of his birth. Special provisions for women, children, and socially and educationally backward classes.
• Article 16: A citizen is guaranteed equal opportunities in the matter of public employment and no citizen shall, on grounds only of residence be ineligible for or disqualified from any service or post in the civil or judicial services of the State.
• Article 17: It abolishes “untouchability” and forbids its practice in any form.
• Article 18 Prohibition against titles except for military and academic distinctions; prohibition against accepting titles from a foreign state.

Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)

It confers upon citizens various rights including the right of freedom of speech and expression, freedom to assemble peacefully, form associations, move freely throughout the country, and to reside in or any part of India. This right also entails the right to practice or carry on any profession or occupation.

• Article 19: Entails six freedoms
• Article 20: Protects against conviction for offenses
• Article 21: Enshrines the right to life and personal liberty by ruling that no person shall be deprived of these except according to the procedure established by law.
• Article 21A: These articles define the right of children between the ages of 6 and 14 years to free and compulsory education.
• Article 22: Protection from detention or imprisonment excepting in accordance with due process, right to information on grounds for detention, right to consult a legal practitioner and right to being taken before a magistrate as soon as possible but not later than 24 hours from arrest.

Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)

This right forbids all forms of forced labor, human trafficking, and exploitation of humans. This protects children since it forbids employment in hazardous industries and mines. It aims to eliminate practices that remove the dignity and rights of humans.

• Article 23: This article prohibits human trafficking, forced labor, and any kind of exploitation. It gives a protective measure by associating with the offense that can be punished.
• Article 24 It prohibits children under the age of 14 years from employment in any occupation which is injurious to their health or dangerous. It covers factories, mines, and other hazardous employment.

Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)

A citizen has the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion. It also gives the individual right of freedom and no compulsion by the state to profess or practice their faith, hence religious harmony.

• Article 25: Awards the right of freedom of conscience, the right to practice any religion and freedom to propagate religion according to one’s choice.
• Article 26: Provisions that every religious denomination shall have the right to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes, administer its own affairs in matters of religion, receive gifts and acquire, hold property movable and immovable.
• Article 27: No person will be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion.
• Article 28: Provides the right to give religious instruction in a state-maintained school provided that such instruction is not in conflict with the educational obligations imposed or likely to be imposed on the school and further, maintains religious neutrality in all institutions maintained by the state.

Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)

These rights protect the cultural, religious, and linguistic minorities’ interests. They enable the minorities to preserve their unique culture, language, and script. Besides that, they may setup and administer their educational institutions. That right ensures the diversity of Indian culture is preserved and respected.

• Article 29: Protects the rights of minorities. Any segment of citizens who has distinctive language, script or culture has a right to preserve it. Also protects citizens from denial of admission to any state-funded educational institutions on grounds of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
• Article 30: Grants to all minority, be it religious or linguistic, the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their liking.

Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

This right puts citizens of the nation under the liberty to approach courts where, due to the alleged commission of a wrong or its omission on the part of some authority, they claim that their Fundamental Rights are violated. The Supreme Court and High Courts can issue several writs such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition quo warranto and certiorari. This right provides a guardian to all other rights so that even they are enforced and upheld.

• Article 32: Grants access to the Supreme Court or High Courts to each and every individual for the redressal of their Fundamental Rights. The courts can issue various writs – such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari-for the protection of these rights. According to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, this article is the “heart and soul” of the Indian Constitution.

Salient Features of Fundamental Rights

Fundamental Rights are essential to afford protection to liberty and equality of the individuals. They are universal, justiciable, and dynamic and ensure that rights violation subjects can seek redress in a court of law. Fundamental Rights exhibit some unique characteristics, which make them critical for every citizen. Here are some key features:

Universal Application

Fundamental Rights apply to every citizen irrespective of race, religion, caste, gender, or class. It ensures that all people get equal protection before the law. Discrimination is barred, and personal liberties and dignity are maintained within a more inclusive and just environment for everybody.

Justiciable and Enforceable

These rights are justiciable, thus, citizens can seek redress when they happen. It enables the people because it gives them a direct legal recourse to violations. It is an assurance that the state would respect and protect citizens’ rights through use of the law.

Not Absolute

Although these are basic rights, they are not absolute and have reasonable limitations in public order, morality, and national security. The state can, according to this, impose limitations if there’s an extra need for social harmony. This balance of individual liberties and societal welfare thus protects the citizens’ interests and that of the nation as a whole .

Dynamic and Changing

The scope of Fundamental Rights can change over time through constitutional amendments, judicial interpretations, and new laws. It makes the rights flexible enough to keep adapting to the changes in a society along with technological and emerging worldwide trends as time moves forward. This mechanism ensures that the Constitution continues to remain relevant and protects citizens’ interests through an ever-changing world.

Provides Protection Against State Action

They also provide a check upon the power of the state by preventing the state from taking arbitrary, or unfair practices. Restrictive upon state interference in personal liberties, the fundamental rights uphold democracy and restrict the rule of the authoritarian state thus ensuring free expressions practice of religion, and livelihood pursuits without state oppression.

Right to Constitutional Remedies

The constitution provides mechanisms for enforcing these rights, which makes a citizen eligible to litigate before courts for redressal. Articles such as Article 32 act as a protector by providing writs that will defend and restore citizens’ rights. This characteristic ensures that the rights are practical and do not represent mere theoretical notions.

Fundamental Rights Available To Citizens Only

Fundamental Right	Description	Article
Right to Equality	Prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Only citizens are entitled to equal opportunity in public employment.	Article 15, Article 16
Right to Freedom	Grants freedoms such as speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession. These freedoms are primarily available to Indian citizens.	Article 19
Cultural and Educational Rights	Allows minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice to preserve their culture, language, and script. Only citizens can exercise this right.	Article 29, Article 30
Right to Constitutional Remedies	Provides citizens the right to approach the Supreme Court or High Courts to enforce Fundamental Rights through writs. Primarily available to Indian citizens.	Article 32

Importance of Fundamental Rights

Basic Rights are very important in the freedom and equality, as well as justice of the people, in a democratic society. They make sure that citizens or people of a country are not wronged by state overreaching and form a social bond, creating at the same time a legal platform for redressing discrimination: making it a fair and inclusive society. The Importance of Fundamental Rights lies in their role as the protector of individual liberty and social equality. They therefore do play a significant role because they are vital:

• Individual Liberty: Fundamental rights allow an individual to voice out her opinions, travel, do a vocation, and enjoy dignity.
• Equality: These rights stop the discriminatory process and create an environment in which everyone is treated with dignity and respect.
• Check on State Action: The Fundamental Rights charter puts a check on governmental actions and prevents state power from being misused.
• Enforces Social Justice: The rights provide a legal tool for redressing social evils such as exploitation, inequality, and discrimination.
• Foundation of Democracy: They lay the foundation for a democratic society by giving citizens the right to participate in the governance of their country.

Fundamental Rights Challenges

There has been a problem with the implementation of Fundamental Rights in practice. Issues like discrimination, censorship, and exploitation seem to show up despite legal protections. The judiciary and citizens always look out to protect these rights.

• Discrimination: Despite laws protecting every form of discrimination based on caste, religion, gender, and ethnicity.
• Abuse of Liberty: Freedom of speech and expression are sometime misused to circulate hate, misinformation and propaganda and ultimately to disrupt social tranquility.
• Delays in the Administration of Justice: Backlogs and delays in courts mean that citizens cannot seek prompt relief for violation of their Fundamental Rights.
• Restrictions by the Government: The government often restricts fundamental right, such as the freedom to speak out against anything considered dangerous for national security, thus killing legitimate dissent.
• Awareness: Very few citizens are aware of and comprehend what the Fundamental Rights are, and therefore fewer may seek redress in legal courts against violations.
• The Surveillance Technology: State surveillance and data privacy pose a growing threat to individual rights to personal liberty and autonomy.

Conclusion

Fundamental rights are not just a component of the legal system; they are the very essence of Indian democracy. The people are free through these rights, are elevated towards equality, and are guaranteed social justice. If citizens, the state, and its apparatus understand and appreciate these rights, then working with each other for an integral society will also be easier. The Charter of Fundamental Rights in India is not a static document; it is vibrant and changes according to the advancement in new challenges.

Fundamental Rights UPSC Notes

1. Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution, ensuring essential rights to every citizen. 2. They safeguard civil liberties, allowing individuals to live with dignity, equality, and freedom. 3. The six fundamental rights include the right to equality, freedom, cultural and educational rights, and constitutional remedies. 4. These rights impose limits on state power, ensuring that laws and policies do not violate individual freedoms. 5. The right to constitutional remedies allows citizens to approach courts if their fundamental rights are infringed. 6. Fundamental Rights are not absolute and can be restricted in the interests of public order, security, and morality. 7. They can be suspended during a state of emergency, except for the rights under Articles 20 and 21. 8. The judiciary acts as the guardian of Fundamental Rights, ensuring their protection and enforcement.

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