Communalism: Types & Dimensions|UPSC Notes

Communalism refers to a belief system where a particular religious or ethnic group is given greater importance, often at the cost of other communities. This ideology can lead to divisive thinking, resulting in social disharmony and violence. In countries like India, communalism has played a significant role in shaping political and social dynamics. Communalism is not just about religious tension. It has deep political, economic, and social roots, influencing how people view each other and their place in society. Understanding its causes and effects is essential to addressing its impact.

• Communalism has a historical foundation that spans many decades.
• It is often driven by political interests that exploit religious sentiments.
• Communal violence disrupts social harmony and creates long-lasting divides.
• Solutions require collective efforts from all segments of society.

GS Paper	GS Paper I
Topics for UPSC Prelims	Social and cultural reform movements in India, Communalism in Indian history, Role of leaders like Gandhi in communal harmony
Topics for UPSC Mains	Causes and consequences of communalism in Indian society, Social movements addressing communalism, Role of religious and social reformers in combating communalism

What is Communalism?

Communalism is an ideology that emphasizes the interests of one community, often leading to the marginalization of others. It can exist in both religious and ethnic contexts and is used to consolidate power by dividing people. While some may think that communalism is purely religious, it can also manifest as ethnic or cultural superiority. The primary issue with communalism is that it creates ‘us versus them’ narratives, which lead to exclusion and conflict.

Types of Communalism

Communalisms can take several forms, depending on its context. Each type can feed into the other, creating a vicious cycle that deepens divisions in society. The most common types include:

Political Communalism

Political leaders exploit religious and ethnic divisions to secure votes or gain power. By focusing on communal differences, they create fear and hatred among communities. This type of communalism often leads to polarization during elections, where candidates focus on one community’s needs while alienating others, causing deep social divides.

Social Communalism

Communities develop a sense of superiority, leading to exclusion and isolation from other groups. This results in social segregation, where people primarily interact with members of their own community. Over time, this creates misunderstandings, misconceptions, and hatred, reinforcing stereotypes and creating hostility between communities that leads to long-term social conflicts.

Economic Communalism

Economic resources and opportunities are often distributed based on communal lines, creating inequalities. A favored community might receive better access to jobs, education, and resources, causing resentment in disadvantaged groups. This economic disparity fosters bitterness and communal tension, with disadvantaged communities feeling excluded and powerless, leading to conflicts over economic advantages.

Cultural Communalisms

A dominant group promotes its cultural values and practices over others, leading to the marginalization of minority cultures. This type of communalism is evident in the selective promotion of festivals, traditions, or language of one group, while ignoring or sidelining others. Over time, this creates cultural isolation and strengthens communal identity, which can lead to conflicts over cultural dominance.

Dimensions of Communalism

The impact of communalism goes beyond just the immediate violence or tension it causes. It has far-reaching consequences in various dimensions:

Political Dimension

Communalisms often manifests in politics, where leaders exploit religious or ethnic identities for electoral gains. This politicization deepens divisions between communities and fosters distrust. Politicians may incite or manipulate communal tensions to polarize voters, consolidating power by dividing the population along religious or ethnic lines. Such manipulation weakens democratic principles and undermines national unity.

Social Dimension

Communalisms erodes social harmony by fostering hatred and suspicion between communities. As individuals prioritize their communal identities over a shared national identity, social trust deteriorates. This leads to segregation, creating isolated communities that avoid interaction with others, further entrenching prejudices and stereotypes. Over time, this can result in systemic social fragmentation and conflict.

Economic Dimension

Communalisms can exacerbate economic inequalities by aligning access to resources and opportunities along communal lines. Certain communities may receive preferential treatment, leading to feelings of deprivation among others. This economic marginalization can fuel resentment, creating tensions that are often exploited by communal forces. Unequal economic distribution fosters competition and rivalry, further deepening communal divisions.

Cultural Dimension

Cultural communalisms occurs when one community’s traditions, beliefs, or practices are considered superior to others. This can lead to cultural dominance, where the practices of one group overshadow or replace those of another. Over time, this fosters feelings of exclusion and erodes cultural diversity, creating an atmosphere where marginalized communities struggle to maintain their cultural identity.

Religious Dimension

Communalisms often emphasizes religious differences, leading to a rigid belief in the superiority of one religion over others. This religious communalism can manifest in intolerance, persecution, or discrimination against minority groups. It creates a polarized environment where religious identity becomes central, overriding values of coexistence and pluralism, fostering divisions and hostility among religious groups.

Major Incidents of Communal Violence in India

India has experienced several instances of communal violence, which have left deep scars on its social fabric. Each of these incidents was fueled by communalism, highlighting its destructive potential.  These incidents include:

Year	Location	Description	Casualties
1947	Partition of India	Violence during the partition between Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims.	~1 million
1969	Ahmedabad, Gujarat	Riots between Hindus and Muslims.	512+ deaths
1984	Anti-Sikh Riots, Delhi	Violence against Sikhs after the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.	2,800+ deaths
1992	Babri Masjid Demolition	Riots following the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.	2,000+ deaths
2002	Gujarat Riots	Violence between Hindus and Muslims after the Godhra train burning.	1,000+ deaths
2013	Muzaffarnagar, UP	Clashes between Hindu and Muslim communities.	60+ deaths
2020	Delhi Riots	Communal violence during protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA).	53+ deaths

Reasons Behind Communalism in India

Several factors contribute to the rise of communalism in India. Some of the most prominent reasons include:

1. Historical Divide: India’s history of religious conflict, especially during the Mughal and British eras, laid the foundation for communalism.
2. Political Manipulation: Politicians often use religious or ethnic divisions to consolidate power, exacerbating communalism.
3. Economic Inequality: Economic disparities between communities can foster resentment, which is often exploited by communal forces.
4. Social Segregation: Communities that live in isolation from others may develop a skewed perception of the ‘other,’ reinforcing communalism.
5. Religious Fundamentalism: Extremist ideologies within religious groups can fuel communalism, leading to intolerance of other beliefs.

Conclusion

The future of communalism in India depends on the collective actions of its citizens and leaders. If left unchecked, communalism could continue to be a divisive force. However, with conscious efforts, it is possible to reduce its influence. Education, policy changes, and a focus on economic equality can mitigate the negative effects of communalism. Addressing communalism requires action on multiple fronts, as it remains a significant issue. The key lies in promoting understanding, equality, and dialogue between different communities, ensuring that everyone feels included in the nation’s progress.

Communalism UPSC Notes

1. Communalism is a belief system where a community’s interests are placed above national unity, often leading to conflicts. 2. It is rooted in religious or cultural differences, creating divisions in society and disrupting harmony. 3. British colonial policies, such as divide and rule, contributed significantly to the rise of communalism in India. 4. Communalism fosters intolerance, and mistrust, and often leads to violent clashes between different communities. 5. Political parties sometimes exploit communal sentiments for electoral gains, deepening the divisions in society. 6. Communalism undermines national unity and social cohesion, threatening the democratic fabric of India. 7. It can weaken the rule of law, causing instability and hampering the country’s development. 8. Addressing communalism requires promoting secularism, tolerance, and inclusive development through education and awareness.

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