The Government of India Act 1935 was a significant piece of legislation that played a crucial role in shaping the constitutional framework of British India. This act laid the groundwork for many of the constitutional developments that followed, eventually leading to the independence of India in 1947. Understanding what is Government of India Act 1935 and its various provisions is essential for grasping the historical context of India’s journey towards self-governance.
- Introduction of a federal structure
- Expansion of provincial autonomy
- Establishment of a bicameral legislature
- Creation of the Reserve Bank of India
The Government of India Act 1935 was the longest act passed by the British Parliament at that time and marked a critical step in the evolution of India’s political system. The act aimed to provide a greater degree of autonomy to Indian provinces while still keeping the ultimate power in the hands of the British Crown. Key aspects of this act continue to influence India’s political landscape even today.
Background of the Government of India Act 1935
The Government of India Act 1935 was born out of several preceding legislations and political developments. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, which resulted in the Government of India Act 1919, introduced the concept of dyarchy, wherein provincial subjects were divided into transferred and reserved categories. However, the limitations of the 1919 Act became apparent over time, leading to increased demand for greater self-governance.
The Simon Commission
The Simon Commission, appointed in 1927, reviewed the functioning of the 1919 Act and recommended significant changes. Despite the lack of Indian representation in the commission, its report laid the groundwork for further reforms. The Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932, where Indian leaders participated in discussions with British officials, also contributed to the formation of the Government of India Act 1935.
Provisions of the Government of India Act 1935
The provisions of Government of India Act 1935 were extensive and aimed at addressing various political and administrative issues of the time. Some of the key provisions included:
Federal Structure
The act proposed the establishment of an All-India Federation, comprising British Indian provinces and princely states. This federal structure was intended to provide a framework for greater autonomy while maintaining the unity of British India.
Provincial Autonomy
The act abolished dyarchy in provinces and granted full autonomy to provincial governments in the transferred subjects. This was a significant step towards self-governance, allowing provinces to legislate on various matters independently.
Bicameral Legislature
The act introduced a bicameral legislature at the center, consisting of the Federal Assembly (lower house) and the Council of States (upper house). This structure aimed to create a more balanced and representative legislative process.
Franchise Expansion
The electorate was expanded to include more Indians, increasing the number of eligible voters. This was an attempt to make the political process more inclusive and representative of the Indian population.
Establishment of the Reserve Bank of India
The act provided for the creation of the Reserve Bank of India, which was established in 1935. The RBI played a crucial role in managing the country’s currency and credit system.
Civil Services and Judiciary
The act maintained the independence of the civil services and judiciary, ensuring their continued functioning without political interference.
Features of Government of India Act 1935
The features of Government of India Act 1935 highlighted the British government’s attempt to balance the demands for greater Indian participation in governance with their own interests. Some notable features included:
Division of Powers
The act divided powers between the center and provinces, with a clear distinction between federal, provincial, and concurrent lists. This division aimed to delineate the responsibilities of different levels of government.
Safeguards and Special Powers
Despite granting autonomy, the act included several safeguards and special powers for the British authorities. The Governor-General retained significant control over defense, external affairs, and other critical areas.
Federal Court
The act established the Federal Court of India, which served as the apex court for resolving disputes between provinces and interpreting the constitution.
Inclusion of Princely States
The act allowed princely states to join the federation voluntarily, providing a framework for integrating these states into the broader political structure of British India.
Difference Between Government of India Act 1919 and 1935
The difference between Government of India Act 1919 and 1935 is evident in the scope and extent of reforms introduced by each act.
| Aspect | Government of India Act 1919 | Government of India Act 1935 |
| Introduction of Dyarchy | Introduced dyarchy in provinces, dividing subjects into transferred and reserved categories. | Abolished dyarchy and granted full autonomy to provincial governments. |
| Federal Structure | No federal structure. | Proposed an All-India Federation comprising British Indian provinces and princely states. |
| Legislature | Unicameral legislatures in provinces. | Introduced bicameral legislature at the center with the Federal Assembly and Council of States. |
| Provincial Autonomy | Limited provincial autonomy under dyarchy. | Full provincial autonomy with independent legislative powers in transferred subjects. |
| Governor-General’s Powers | Significant control retained by the Governor-General. | Continued significant control, but with expanded provincial powers. |
| Electorate | Limited expansion of the electorate. | Expanded electorate to include more Indian voters. |
| Judiciary | No provision for a Federal Court. | Established the Federal Court of India for resolving disputes and interpreting the constitution. |
| Reserve Bank of India | No provision for the establishment of RBI. | Provided for the creation of the Reserve Bank of India. |
| Princely States | No specific provision for princely states. | Allowed princely states to join the federation voluntarily. |
| Safeguards and Special Powers | Several safeguards and special powers for the British authorities. | Continued safeguards and special powers, but with greater provincial autonomy. |
Importance of Government of India Act 1935
The importance of Government of India Act 1935 lies in its far-reaching impact on the political landscape of India. The act marked a critical transition from a unitary state to a federal structure. It laid the groundwork for the federal system adopted by independent India. The provincial autonomy granted by the act empowered Indian leaders and allowed for greater participation in governance.
Establishment of Key Institutions
The establishment of the Reserve Bank of India and the Federal Court also had lasting implications for India’s financial and judicial systems. The act’s provisions for expanding the electorate and including more Indians in the political process were steps towards a more inclusive democracy.
Significance and Legacy
The Government of India Act 1935 holds significant historical and constitutional importance. It represented a compromise between British interests and Indian aspirations for self-governance. The act’s federal structure and division of powers influenced the drafting of the Indian Constitution, which adopted similar principles to create a federal republic.
Although the act did not fulfill all the demands of Indian leaders, it was a crucial milestone in India’s struggle for independence. The experience gained by Indian leaders in administering provincial governments under the 1935 Act proved invaluable in the years leading up to and following independence
Conclusion
The Government of India Act 1935 was a landmark legislation that played a pivotal role in shaping the constitutional framework of British India. By examining what is Government of India Act 1935, its provisions, features, and significance, we gain a deeper understanding of its impact on India’s journey towards self-governance and independence. The act’s legacy continues to influence India’s political and administrative systems, making it an essential topic of study for anyone interested in Indian history and constitutional development.
| Government of India Act 1935 UPSC Notes |
| 1. The Government of India Act 1935 laid the constitutional framework for British India, influencing the subsequent independence and formation of the Indian Constitution. 2. The act introduced a federal structure, comprising British Indian provinces and princely states, aiming for greater autonomy while maintaining British control. 3. Provincial autonomy was significantly expanded, abolishing dyarchy and allowing provinces to legislate independently on transferred subjects. 4. A bicameral legislature was established at the center, with the Federal Assembly (lower house) and the Council of States (upper house). 5. The electorate was expanded to include more Indians, increasing political inclusiveness and representation. 6. The act provided for the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India, crucial for managing currency and credit systems. 7. The Federal Court of India was established to resolve disputes between provinces and interpret the constitution. 8. The act allowed princely states to join the federation voluntarily, integrating them into the broader political structure of British India. |
